# Internals

This section records some design and implementation details.

# Value

## Data Layout

## Flags

# Allocator

## MemoryPoolAllocator

# Parsing Optimization

## Skip Whitespace with SIMD

## Pow10()

## Local Stream Copy

# Parser

## Iterative Parser

The iterative parser is a recursive descent LL(1) parser
implemented in a non-recursive manner.

### Grammar

The grammar used for this parser is based on strict JSON syntax:
~~~~~~~~~~
S -> array | object
array -> [ values ]
object -> { members }
values -> non-empty-values | ε
non-empty-values -> value addition-values
addition-values -> ε | , non-empty-values
members -> non-empty-members | ε
non-empty-members -> member addition-members
addition-members -> ε | , non-empty-members
member -> STRING : value
value -> STRING | NUMBER | NULL | BOOLEAN | object | array
~~~~~~~~~~

Note that left factoring is applied to non-terminals `values` and `members`
to make the grammar be LL(1).

### Parsing Table

Based on the grammar, we can construct the FIRST and FOLLOW set.

The FIRST set of non-terminals is listed below:

|    NON-TERMINAL   |               FIRST              |
|:-----------------:|:--------------------------------:|
|       array       |                 [                |
|       object      |                 {                |
|       values      | ε STRING NUMBER NULL BOOLEAN { [ |
|  addition-values  |              ε COMMA             |
|      members      |             ε STRING             |
|  addition-members |              ε COMMA             |
|       member      |              STRING              |
|       value       |  STRING NUMBER NULL BOOLEAN { [  |
|         S         |                [ {               |
| non-empty-members |              STRING              |
|  non-empty-values |  STRING NUMBER NULL BOOLEAN { [  |

The FOLLOW set is listed below:

|    NON-TERMINAL   |  FOLLOW |
|:-----------------:|:-------:|
|         S         |    $    |
|       array       | , $ } ] |
|       object      | , $ } ] |
|       values      |    ]    |
|  non-empty-values |    ]    |
|  addition-values  |    ]    |
|      members      |    }    |
| non-empty-members |    }    |
|  addition-members |    }    |
|       member      |   , }   |
|       value       |  , } ]  |

Finally the parsing table can be constructed from FIRST and FOLLOW set:

|    NON-TERMINAL   |           [           |           {           |          ,          | : | ] | } |          STRING         |         NUMBER        |          NULL         |        BOOLEAN        |
|:-----------------:|:---------------------:|:---------------------:|:-------------------:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-----------------------:|:---------------------:|:---------------------:|:---------------------:|
|         S         |         array         |         object        |                     |   |   |   |                         |                       |                       |                       |
|       array       |       [ values ]      |                       |                     |   |   |   |                         |                       |                       |                       |
|       object      |                       |      { members }      |                     |   |   |   |                         |                       |                       |                       |
|       values      |    non-empty-values   |    non-empty-values   |                     |   | ε |   |     non-empty-values    |    non-empty-values   |    non-empty-values   |    non-empty-values   |
|  non-empty-values | value addition-values | value addition-values |                     |   |   |   |  value addition-values  | value addition-values | value addition-values | value addition-values |
|  addition-values  |                       |                       |  , non-empty-values |   | ε |   |                         |                       |                       |                       |
|      members      |                       |                       |                     |   |   | ε |    non-empty-members    |                       |                       |                       |
| non-empty-members |                       |                       |                     |   |   |   | member addition-members |                       |                       |                       |
|  addition-members |                       |                       | , non-empty-members |   |   | ε |                         |                       |                       |                       |
|       member      |                       |                       |                     |   |   |   |      STRING : value     |                       |                       |                       |
|       value       |         array         |         object        |                     |   |   |   |          STRING         |         NUMBER        |          NULL         |        BOOLEAN        |

There is a great [tool](http://hackingoff.com/compilers/predict-first-follow-set) for above grammar analysis.

### Implementation

Based on the parsing table, a direct(or conventional) implementation
that pushes the production body in reverse order
while generating a production could work.

In RapidJSON, several modifications(or adaptations to current design) are made to a direct implementation.

First, the parsing table is encoded in a state machine in RapidJSON.
Extra states are added for productions involved with `array` and `object`.
In this way the generation of array values or object members would be a single state transition,
rather than several pop/push operations in the direct implementation.
This also makes the estimation of stack size more easier.

Second, the iterative parser also keeps track of array's value count and object's member count
in its internal stack, which may be different from a conventional implementation.